完善法院调解工作的必要性
刘成江
法院调解制度的改革是司法改革的重要内容之一，调解是具有中国特色的社会矛盾化解机制的重要组成部分，它以非对抗的方式化解了大量的社会矛盾，创造了宝贵的“东方经验”。当前，社会正处于转型期和社会矛盾高发期，社会矛盾纠纷呈现高发性和复杂性的特征，并逐渐成为影响社会稳定的重要隐患。近年来，我庭积极探索社会矛盾纠纷调解工作长效管理，整合社会各方面资源，构筑起“大调解”格局，有效地化解了赵光镇社会矛盾，维护了社会稳定，促进了经济的发展。现就我庭近几年来的受结案情况,浅谈一下加强调解的工作的必要性。
北安市赵光法庭现有审判人员三名,书记员一名,司机一名。管辖赵光镇、东胜乡、缸窑林场、三O三林场、种畜厂共计8万余人口的民事案件，现统计了近四年来的案件审结情况：
年份 立案总数 调解 撤诉 合计 调撤率
2005 117 58 36 94 80.3%
2006 127 59 43 102 80.3%
2007 138 73 41 114 82.6%
2008 119 59 38 97 81.5%
总计 501 249 158 407 81.2%
自2005年至2008年四年间共立案501件，调解结案249件，撤诉158件，总计407件，调解撤诉结案数占受案总数的81.2%。总结几年的办案经验，发现通过调解的方式解决民事纠纷，有利于彻底的解决民事纠纷，有利于社会的稳定和经济发展，能够取得较好的法律效果和社会效果真正做到案结事了。下面结合近几年的办案中的实际情况，简要分析一下加强调解工作的必要性。
所谓的民事诉讼调解制度，是指人民法院审理民事案件的过程中，可以在查明事实，分清是非的基础上，根据自愿和合法的原则，主持并促使当事人双方达成协议协商解决的制度。民事诉讼调解是我国民事诉讼法的一项重要的基本原则。加强民事诉讼调解工作，对于及时化解矛盾，促进社会交易的正常流转，具有十分重要的现实意义。
一、目前我国民事诉讼调解制度的现状
民事诉讼调解在本质上是一种以合意为核心的解决纠纷的方式，这种合意是私法上意思自治原则在纠纷解决领域的延伸，与审判相比，贯彻的是一种当事人主义。我国现行的民事诉讼调解制度长期以来在维护社会安定和维持良好的社会秩序方面发挥了重要的作用，但随着市场经济的不断发展，法制建设的不断完善，人民群众法律意识的提高，现行民事诉讼调解制度开始日益显现其诸多弊端，严重制约了我国法制现代化的进程。其中，作为指导民事诉讼调解制度的根本，调解立法原则与调解制度在实施中存在的冲突是其弊端的根源。我国现行民事诉讼法规定人民法院调解必须遵循合法、自愿、查明事实、分清是非的原则。1991年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》正式公布实施，将“着重调解”修改为“自愿合法调解”。直至今天，法院调解还是实行“自愿合法调解”与“及时判决”原则。“自愿合法调解”与“及时判决”原则，其主要内容是指人民法院审理民事、经济纠纷案件时，对于能够调解解决的案件，在双方当事人自愿下，在查明事实、分清是非的基础上，尽量用说服教育和疏导的方法，促使双方当事人达成协议，以调解方式结案。法院调解无效的应及时判决，不应久调不决。法院调解不仅成为民事诉讼法的一项基本原则，而且是我国的现行民事诉讼法设立的重要诉讼制度。但是对于民事诉讼法规定的查明事实、分清是非的原则在具体的司法实践中产生了一些冲突。
（一）、在司法实践中自愿原则与民事诉讼调解之间的冲突
我国民事诉讼将自愿原则处于调解原则的中心位置，它是法院调解制度能否健康发展，能否真正有效发挥作用的前提条件。自愿原则在实践中体现为程序上的自愿和实体上的自愿两层含义。在程序上，首先，这种自愿原则体现为当事人同意人民法院以调解方式来解决纠纷或者主动向人民法院申请用调解的方式解决纠纷。然而，在我国的民事诉讼调解过程中，法官担任着调解人和裁决者的双重角色。且目前，一些法院仍存在着追求结案率、调解率的现象，并且更有甚者直接规定了审判员的调解率必须达到一定的比率，和年终考核挂钩，这样，法官为了追求结案率和避免追究错案的责任等多方面的考虑，便会选择结案快、风险小、可规避法律问题又省时省力的调解诉讼模式。而当事人即使不愿进行调解，一般最终还是会接受，毕竟，现在的调解者就是将来的裁判者，若不选择调解，可能会得到比调解更不利的判决结果。其次，在自愿原则的支配下，当事人可在任意诉讼阶段提出要求调解，一旦进入调解程序，势必将中断原来的诉讼活动，这样便容易产生调解的任意启动，导致案件的诉讼程序缺乏连贯性，给人民法院的审判工作带来负面的影响。
（二）、在实践中查清事实、分清是非原则与民事诉讼调解的冲突
民事诉讼调解是建立在当事人双方合意基础上的较为灵活的解决纠纷的方式，并非一定要查清事实，分清是非。只要当事人之间的意思表示既不违反法律的禁止性规定，又不侵犯第三人的合法权益，应允许该调解协议内容有效。而查明事实，分清是非原则却明显带有浓厚的职权主义色彩，并且过于绝对，这与法院判决没多大的差别，若强调事实清楚而进行严格调查，则既耗时又耗资、牺牲了程序利益，这样，就忽视了民事诉讼调解本身具有的省时、省力、节省司法资源、灵活、高效的特点。民事诉讼调解制度相对于判决本身所具有的优势也就得不到充分、有效的实现。
二、完善法院调解工作的必要性
针对以上所述，结合我国的实际情况及时处理民事纠纷案件，完善法院调解工作是十分必要的。完善法院调解制度，有利于当事人之间彻底解决纠纷，化解社会矛盾，稳定社会秩序。众所周知，法院调解是人民司法制度的重要组成部分，是人民司法工作的优良传统和成功经验，在民事诉讼中居重要地位。从立法上应当将法院调解放在重要位置。法院调解必须强调当事人双方自愿，促使当事人在平等的基础上，运用民主协商的方法，自愿达成协议，彻底解决纠纷。这种结案方式一般不存在上诉问题，减少了当事人的诉累，有利于化解社会矛盾，稳定社会秩序，加速和谐社会的建立。
法院调解结案，当事人双方不伤感情，促进社会安定团结。法院调解是在当事人自愿的原则下进行的，调解协议又是当事人通过平等协商，自愿达成的，双方的争议得到完全彻底的解决，这种合理的结案方式是当今共建和谐社会所提倡的必须有待于加强。这种情、理、法的深入交融，互谅互让，体现了中华民族“和为贵”的美德。当事人双方不伤感情，从而使社会更加安定。
三、现阶段对完善法院调解工作的几点建议
针对以上问题，个人认为从以下几方面进行完善调解制度：
（一）、完善诉讼调解中程序性规定
由于长期以来我国民事诉讼强烈的职权主义色彩和对法院调解性质的片面理解，导致实践中当事人的合意性和自主性被削弱。因此，改革法院调解制度应增强当事人的合意性和自主性。在法院调解的启动上，可分为强制调解与自愿调解两种。强制调解由法院依职权进行调解；自愿调解依当事人申请启动调解程序。规定撤回调解制度。当事人可以撤回调解申请，产生终结调解程序的效力。调解方案不得由法官提出，而应由当事人及其代理人提出。调解法官可以提出建议，但不得强制当事人接受。
（二）、完善法院调解的程序规则
规定调解时限。民事诉讼法仅第九条规定“调解不成的，应当及时判决”，此外没有明确规定调解时限。为杜绝以拖压调、久调不决的现象，应对法院调解的期限作明确的规定，超过规定期限调解不成的应当判决。规定调解协议达成即生效。民事诉讼法第八十九条规定：“调解书经双方当事人签收后，即具有法律效力。”如果改为调解协议书经过法院形式审查，即可生效，就能够避免现有规定下，实践中常出现的一种情况，即当事人不在同时签收调解协议时，先签收的当事人不知何时生效，以及后一当事人在签收前又反悔，使调解协议无法生效。
为了更好的节省有限的司法资源，实现民事诉讼调解制度的法律价值地位，维护和促进社会稳定，应当更加重视调解在我国解决纠纷机制中所发挥独特作用，总结经验教训，考虑我们的历史文化背景和经济基础，积极转变工作理念，创新调解制度的管理模式，加快立法进程，大胆借鉴国外的先进制度及做法，探索民事诉讼调解制度的专业化、社会化以及其建设之路，充分发挥民事诉讼调解在这新时期解决矛盾纠纷的功能和作用，使之不断地完善我国的民事诉讼调解制度。
国务院关于纺织品进出口若干问题的规定(附英文)
国务院
国务院关于纺织品进出口若干问题的规定(附英文)
1985年1月8日，国务院
规定
根据中央、国务院关于经济体制改革的精神，现对纺织品进出口若干问题作如下规定。
一、出口纺织品，要积极搞工贸结合，结合的形式可以多种多样，“青纺联”是一种形式，企业也可以采取其它自由联合形式。今后，沿海开放城市、计划单列的城市，成立各种形式的纺织品工贸结合公司和直接对外的联合体、生产企业，一律由所在市的经贸部门会同纺织工业部门审查后，报市人民政府审批，并报省、自治区人民政府和经贸部、纺织部备案。
二、关于纺织品的出口计划、收汇任务和出口配额、进出口许可证额度的分配：
（一）必须贯彻既要考虑历史状况，又要考虑鼓励先进、有利竞争、择优出口和促进联合的原则，由经贸部会同纺织部拟订具体分配方案，由经贸部下达给各省（自治区、直辖市）、计划单列城市的人民政府和有出口任务的总公司，不再由纺织品进出口总公司按条条下达。
（二）各地经贸部门要会同纺织部门按照上述原则拟订本地区的具体分配方案，报同级人民政府批准后，由经贸厅（委、局）下达给承担国家出口任务的纺织品进出口分公司、工贸结合公司、纺织工业公司和有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业。
（三）在执行过程中，经贸部门要加强管理。严禁倒卖配额和进出口许可证，违者要严肃处理。
（四）协定国家贸易由进出口总公司统一组织有关外贸分公司、工贸结合公司和生产企业对外谈判成交。
三、扩大纺织品出口，提高产品质量，关键在于调动生产企业的积极性，把权真正放给他们，使生产企业提高对国际市场的灵敏度和清晰度，提高竞争能力。同时要充分发挥外贸分公司、口岸公司、工贸结合公司的作用。纺织品进出口总公司，今后主要应搞好信息、咨询等服务工作，也可以直接经营一部分进出口业务。
经过批准有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，在出口配额、许可证和进出口经营权等方面，享有与纺织品进出口公司同等的待遇，有权出口本公司经营范围内的全部商品（包括经营两纱两布，但要执行国务院统一规定），进口本公司生产需要的各种原材料（不包括涤纶、腈纶类原料，但为了发展品种、保证质量以及生产急需，经纺织部、经贸部批准，可自行组织少量进口）、染化料、辅料，以及代理出口经营范围内的商品。有条件的公司和企业。按国家规定经过批准，可以派员出国或在国外设立办事机构，进行调查研究和推销产品。
凡实行外贸代理的纺织品，其出口配额和许可证应随任务下达给生产企业。生产企业有权自选代理单位，并可参加对外谈判。代理单位负责签订合同，同时要搞好服务、咨询，按规定收取手续费。
今后国家对有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，主要考核出口收汇任务的完成情况，并统计创汇水平、换汇成本，以便择优安排。
四、改变现行的由国家统负盈亏的“大锅饭”的财务体制，各类工贸结合的公司、生产出口纺织品的企业，实行进口原料按国际价格水平结算原则，进口时照章缴纳关税、产品税，产品出口后，再按年度以出口产品实际用料数量退还已缴纳的进口关税和产品税，同时退还生产环节的产品税或增值税，由其自负盈亏。
五、在纺织品出口经营放开以后，经贸部要发挥归口管理部门的作用，按国务院规定的职责，加强对内管理，贯彻统一对外的原则，并规定进口纺织原料的最高价格和出口纺织品的最低价格，及时提供国际市场的信息。各纺织品进出口公司、工贸结合公司、有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业，必须按照统一的对外政策经营。
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THEIMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE
IMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES
(Promulgated on January 8, 1985)
The following provisions are formulated, in accordance with the spirit of
the economic restructuring of the country, in respect of several issues
concerning the import and export of textiles.
1. In the exportation of textiles, it is advisable to combine industry
with trade; the combination may take various forms, of which the "Qingdao
Textile Unico. Ltd" is one; and enterprises may freely adopt other
combinative forms. From now on, case concerning the establishment of
various forms of textile industry and trade combination companies and
other combination complexes or production enterprises having direct links
with foreign businesses in the open coastal cities and municipalities
under separate planning shall all be handled and examined jointly by the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade and the departments of
textile industry in the cities or municipalities where the companies or
enterprises are located; the cases shall, then, be submitted to the
municipal people's government for examination and approval; and the cases
shall be further submitted to the people's government of the province or
autonomous region and to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry for record.
2. Issues concerning the export planning for textiles, foreign exchange,
earnings from exports, and the distribution of export quotas and the
issuance of import and export licences:
(1) it is necessary to implement the principle of taking into
consideration the historical conditions as well as the importance of
encouraging the advanced, facilitating competition, selecting quality
products for export, and promoting combination; a specific distribution
plan shall be worked out jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry, and shall be
transmitted directly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade to the people's governments of various provinces (and/or autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government),
municipalities under separate planning, and the national corporations
undertaking export tasks; the distribution plan shall no longer, be
transmitted according to the subordinating relationship by the National
Textile Import and Export Corporation.
(2) the departments of foreign economic relations and trade in various
regions shall, jointly with the departments of textile industry, work out
the local specific distribution plan in accordance with the aforesaid
principle, and then submit it to the people's government at the same level
for approval, which shall then be transmitted through the office (or
commission, bureau) of foreign economic relations and trade to various
branch offices of the textile import and export corporations, the industry
and trade combination companies, textile industry companies that undertake
export tasks assigned by the state, and combination complexes and
production enterprises vested with the external operating rights.
(3) in the course of implementation, the department of foreign economic
relations and trade shall strengthen administration. The racketeering in
export quotas and import and export licences shall be strictly banned; and
the offender shall be dealt with seriously.
(4) trade conducted between countries at the state level in accordance
with relevant agreements shall be carried out by the national import and
export corporations by organizing the relevant branch offices of foreign
trade corporations, industry and trade combination companies, and
production enterprises in holding business negotiations with foreign
businesses and concluding relevant transactions.
3. The key to expanding the export of textiles and bettering the quality
of products lies in bringing into play the initiative of production
enterprises and in actually devolving the power to them, so that the
production enterprises may sharpen their sensitivity towards and clarity
about the international market, thereby heightening their competitiveness.
At the same time, it is essential to bring into full play the role of
various branch offices of foreign trade corporations, of various companies
situated at ports, and of various industry and trade combination
companies. From now on, the National Textile Import and Export Corporation
shall devote its attention to doing a better job in providing information
and consultancy services; it may also handle directly a portion of the
import and export business operations.
The industry and trade combination companies and production enterprises,
which have obtained, with approval, the right to operate in foreign trade,
shall enjoy the same treatment as the textile import and export
corporations in such aspects as export quota, import and export licence,
and the right to handle import and export business; and shall also have
the right to export all commodities within the scope of business
operations of their own companies (including the right to export the two
kinds of yarns and the two kinds of cloth, but they must carry on the
unified provisions formulated by the State Council), and the right to
import various kinds of raw materials required by their companies in
production (not including such kinds of raw materials as terylene and poly
acrylonitrile fibre; however, in order to develop new varieties of
commodities, to guarantee the quality of products, and to meet the urgent
needs of production, they may, with the approval of the Ministry of
Textile Industry and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade,
import a small quantity of such raw materials), as well as dyestuffs,
chemical and auxiliary materials, and the right to act as an agent for the
exportation of the commodities within their scope of business operations.
Those companies and enterprises with the necessary qualifications may,
after obtaining the approval in accordance with the provisions of the
state, accredit representatives abroad or establish business offices there
to conduct studies and investigations and to promote the sale of their
products.
With respect to textiles under the scheme of agency in foreign trade, the
export quota and the export licence shall be issued, along with the
production task, to the production enterprises. The production enterprises
shall have the right to select their agents by themselves and may take
part in business negotiations with foreign firms. The agents shall be
responsible for concluding contract, and, at the same time, offer
satisfactory services and consultancy, and collect service charges
according to the stipulations. From now on, with respect to those industry
and trade combination companies and production enterprises that are vested
with the right to operate in foreign trade, the state will mainly evaluate
their fulfillment of the task of foreign exchange earnings from exports,
and make statistics concerning the level of foreign exchange earnings and
the costs in terms of foreign exchange, in order to select from among them
the more successful companies and enterprises for future arrangement.
4. With a view to changing the existing financial structure, that is
"everybody eating from the common pot", under which the state takes the
sole responsibility for gains and losses, various types of industry and
trade combination companies and enterprises that manufacture textile goods
for export shall follow the principle of settling the accounts for
imported raw materials in accordance with the international price level,
and pay the Customs duties and the product tax according to the
regulations when they are imported; then, after the products are exported,
the portion of import Customs duties and the product tax already paid
shall be refunded annually on the basis of the actual quantity of raw
materials used in the exported products, and, at the same time, the
product tax or the value added tax in the process of production shall also
be refunded; by so doing they shall take the sole responsibility for gains
and losses themselves.
5. After liberalizing the business operations in the export of textiles,
the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall play the role
of overall administration of foreign economic relations and trade of the
country: strengthening the administration at home in accordance with its
competence and duty prescribed by the State Council, setting ceiling
prices for the imported raw materials used in the production of textiles
and floor prices for the export textiles, and providing promptly
information concerning the international market. All the textile import
and export corporations, industry and trade combination companies,
combination complexes and production enterprises vested with the external
operating rights, shall conduct their business operations in accordance
with the unified policies governing China's foreign economic relations and
trade.
