郑州市人民政府关于印发郑州市旧城改造暂行办法的通知
河南省郑州市人民政府
郑州市人民政府关于印发郑州市旧城改造暂行办法的通知
郑政〔2008〕16号 二○○八年五月十六日
各县(市)、区人民政府,市人民政府有关部门,各有关单位:
现将《郑州市旧城改造暂行办法》印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。
郑州市旧城改造暂行办法
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加快我市旧城改造步伐,优化人居环境,提升城市品位,完善城市功能,根据国家有关法律、法规,结合我市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 本市旧城区域内国有土地上建设年代久远、基础设施不全、影响城市功能、建筑结构陈旧、存在安全隐患以及因公共利益需要拆迁的房屋及其附属物均纳入旧城改造范围。旧城改造范围原则上控制在城市“三环”以内。
第三条 旧城改造按照“政府主导、统筹规划、市场运作、渐次推进”的原则,坚持重点改造与成片开发相结合,综合开发与配套建设相结合,逐步实现居住安全、配套齐全、管理有效、环境美化的工作目标。
第四条 旧城改造拆迁严格按照国家、省、市有关法律、法规及规定执行,切实维护拆迁人和被拆迁人的合法权益。
第二章 组织领导
第五条 旧城改造工作建立市、区两级领导机制,坚持以区为主,市区联动的原则。
市人民政府成立郑州市旧城改造工作领导小组,负责旧城改造中重大问题的研究、协调。市发展改革、财政、建设、国土资源、规划、市政、房管、行政执法、拆迁、土地储备、公安、消防、人防等有关单位和各区人民政府为成员,根据职责分工,共同做好旧城改造工作。
领导小组下设办公室,主要负责拟定旧城改造相关政策,编制旧城改造工作规划和年度计划,协调落实旧城改造各项优惠政策及日常工作。各区人民政府成立相应的组织机构,在市旧城改造工作领导小组统一领导下,合理确定本辖区内的拆迁计划和建设规模,具体组织旧城改造项目的调查摸底、项目申报、规划委托、前期测算、项目招商、拆迁补偿与安置,以及相关事项的协调工作。
第三章 旧城改造区域
第六条 旧城改造根据城市总体规划,按照轻重缓急,划分为重点改造区域、支持改造区域和允许改造区域。
(一)重点改造区域:市重点工程、城市景观道路建设涉及的周边区域;严重影响城市布局、城市形象必须进行改造的不协调区域。
(二)支持改造区域:城市主次干道两侧;大、中型企业生活区域;拆迁房屋建筑面积在3万平方米以上的成片区域。
(三)允许改造区域:居民居住条件需要改善,城市配套功能需要提升,按照旧城改造规划应当成片开发的区域。
(四)市政府根据实际情况确定的其他需要改造的区域。
旧城改造项目所处改造区域,由市旧城改造工作领导小组根据项目实际情况,提出具体意见,经市人民政府批准后,享受相应的优惠政策。
第四章 规划和土地管理
第七条 市规划部门会同市发展改革、国土资源、建设、市政、房管、土地储备等有关单位及各区人民政府,依据城市总体规划、土地利用总体规划和分区规划,编制旧城改造总体规划或郑州市旧城改造总体规划导则,经市人民政府批准后,作为指导全市旧城改造的依据。
第八条 各区人民政府依据旧城改造总体规划或郑州市旧城改造总体规划导则,按照渐次推进的原则,编制本辖区的旧城改造实施方案,报市人民政府批准后实施。
第九条 旧城改造项目的控制性详细规划编制工作,由区人民政府委托具有相应资质的规划设计单位进行。
编制旧城改造项目控制性详细规划,要以城市可持续发展为总体要求,充分考虑城市承载能力和土地节约集约利用,旧城改造项目的容积率应根据所处改造区域的不同情况具体确定。
旧城改造项目控制性详细规划应符合国家有关技术规定要求,其主要内容还应包括产业定位,土地使用与建筑管理规定,安置住房、廉租住房和周转住房建设要求,开发强度与综合经济分析、公共服务设施与空间环境分析、日照分析、交通影响分析、城市基础设施支撑分析等。
第十条 旧城改造项目用地纳入本市年度用地供应计划。要加大安置住房建设用地的储备和供应,专项用于安置小区建设。
第十一条 成片改造开发建设用地按照有关规定采取招标、拍卖、挂牌方式出让。
招标、拍卖、挂牌出让土地时,应当将拆迁安置方案和经正式批准的修建性详细规划作为用地条件。投资开发整理土地的单位未竞得土地的,由区人民政府按实际投入成本加同期银行贷款利息退还。退还费用计入土地拆迁安置成本。
第十二条 对拆迁建筑密度大,享受优惠政策之后仍难以实施的项目,经市旧城改造工作领导小组研究讨论,报市人民政府批准后,可与其它改造项目相结合统一实施。
第十三条 旧城改造中,地块较小、无法原地安置被拆迁人的项目,可对被拆迁人进行异地安置后,腾空的用地统一规划为城市基础设施用地。
] 第五章 改造建设
第十四条 旧城改造应结合城市基础设施、公用设施、生态环境建设,文物古迹、历史街区保护,以及与城中村改造相结合进行改造,主要采取市场化运作模式进行改造。
第十五条 各区人民政府应对辖区内旧城改造项目进行详细的调查摸底工作,主要包括旧城改造项目的土地使用权情况,房屋的区位、用途、结构、建筑面积,单位和住户分布情况,城市基础设施情况,文物保护情况,房地产评估价格和房屋拆迁补偿价格等。
第十六条 旧城改造项目根据不同情况,分别由市、区两级人民政府组织具有相应资质的法人实施拆迁或改造。异地安置时,安置住房修建性详细规划批准后方可实施拆迁。
第十七条 旧城改造项目配套开发的商品住房,严格执行《国务院办公厅转发建设部等部门关于调整住房供应结构稳定住房价格意见的通知》(国办发〔2006〕37号)规定的套型面积控制比例。
第十八条 引导房地产开发企业在旧城改造项目配套开发的商品住房中,建设部分小户型简装修住宅,作为过渡性廉租住房和周转住房出租给辖区政府,由区政府统一管理。租用期内的房屋维修费用和物业管理费用由区政府统筹解决。
配套建设的过渡性廉租住房和周转住房建设规模,作为规划设计条件附加于土地出让文件中,并在修建性详细规划中予以明确。
配套建设的过渡性廉租住房和周转住房的租金标准、租用期限由市人民政府另行规定。
第十九条 单位自管公房(含已售公有住房)因住房制度改革形成的房地产权属交叉、多元化,无法通过土地招标、拍卖、挂牌出让进行市场化模式改造的,在符合城市总体规划前提下,经房屋安全管理机构鉴定为一般损坏房以下或已达到使用年限、不成套、设施不全等简陋旧房,经市人民政府批准后,按照“以房改带危改、以危改促房改”的思路,由原产权单位负责组织改造。
第二十条 由市、区两级人民政府出资改造的直管公房,安置被拆迁居民之外的多余房屋作为保障性住房。
由原产权单位改造的自管公有住房,安置被拆迁居民后,优先解决本单位其他无房和住房困难职工的住房问题。仍有多余的房屋,由市人民政府有偿收回作为保障性住房。
第二十一条 旧城改造项目周边及相关的城市道路、绿化、环卫、管网等城市基础设施和供水、供电、供气、供暖、电信等公用设施建设管理,统一纳入城市市政和公用设施的建设管理。
第六章 优惠政策
第二十二条 旧城改造项目建设安置房享受以下优惠政策:
(一)除国家和省明文规定不得减、免之外的行政事业性收费予以免收。
(二)市政府规定权限范围内的经营服务性收费减半征收。
第二十三条 按规划投资新建的非营利性公共事业用房,享受安置房的有关政策。非营利性公共事业用房包括中小学、幼儿园及公共配套设施用房。
第二十四条 旧城改造项目土地使用权出让金中的市政府收益部分,按照不同的比例,以市人民政府补贴方式拨付到区人民政府,用于该项目周边及相关的基础设施配套建设。重点改造区域实行全额补贴,支持改造区域按照80%的比例补贴,允许改造区域按照50%的比例补贴。
市人民政府补贴资金主要用于旧城改造项目周边及相关的城市基础设施和公共设施建设,具体建设项目由区人民政府报市发改委审核并下达城建计划,市财政根据城建计划拨付区财政专款专用。
第二十五条 配套开发商品房享受本章有关优惠政策。
第二十六条 旧城改造拆迁补偿安置优惠政策,按照重点改造区域、支持改造区域、允许改造区域,由市人民政府另行确定。
第七章 审批程序
第二十七条 旧城改造项目由各区人民政府报市旧城改造工作领导小组提出意见,经市人民政府批准后实施。
第二十八条 市旧城改造工作领导小组要组织建立旧城改造项目审批“绿色通道”,各相关部门按照各自职责,依据法定程序,提高工作效率,缩短审批时限,做到特事特办,急事速办。
第二十九条 各区人民政府应组织有关部门或单位负责办理前期各种审批手续。
第三十条 旧城改造项目所属区域及享受的优惠政策,经市人民政府审核批准后执行。
第八章 附 则
第三十一条 本办法自2008年6月20日起实施。
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版
The National People's Congress
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)
Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the
不分页显示 总共3页 1 [2] [3]
下一页
